Email Attachments - Links
|
(If you have problems, suggestion, etc. please contact info@noac.info)
|
|
|
|
|
Advanced Search
|
Basic Search
|
|
|
|
| Attachment | Title | Date | Max Date | Description |
|---|
|
|
|
|
| | | Ron Baiman, Sev Clarke, Clive Elsworth, Leslie Field, Michael MacCracken, John Macdonald, David Mitchell, Franz Dietrich Oeste, Suzanne Reed, Stephen Salter, Herb Simmens, Ye Tao, Robert Tulip, Addressing the Urgent Need for Direct Climate Cooling: Rationale and Options, Oxford Open Climate Change, 2024;, kgae014, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfclm/kgae014 |
|
|
|
|
|
| | | We summarize here forcing datasets used in GISS global climate models over the years. Note that the forcings are estimates that may be revised as new information or better understandings of the source data become available. We archive both our current best estimates of the forcings, along with complete sets of forcings used in specific studies. All radiative forcings are with respect to a specified baseline (often conditions in 1850 or 1750). |
|
|
|
|
|
| | | Black-body radiation is the thermal electromagnetic radiation within, or surrounding, a body in thermodynamic equilibrium with its environment, emitted by a black body (an idealized opaque, non-reflective body). It has a specific, continuous spectrum of wavelengths, inversely related to intensity, that depend only on the body's temperature, which is assumed, for the sake of calculations and theory, to be uniform and constant.[1][2][3][4] |
|
|
|
|
|
| | | I'm an economist active in climate research and policy areas. Make Sunsets has invited me to write a guest blog on: "How should cooling credits be priced over time so as to avoid extreme cooling that would 'freeze the world'?". I'm delighted to do this as I believe that what Make Sunsets is doing is a direct response to the most urgent climate challenge facing humanity in our times. |
|
|
|
|
|
| | | Seller: AwesomeBooks, Wallingford, United Kingdom |
|
|
|
|
|
| | | (5-star seller) Seller rating 5 out of 5 stars |
|
|
|
|
|
| | | The 'napkin diagram” graph shows future climate change scenarios under four different strategies: 1) business as usual, or no reduction of greenhouse gas emissions (red line); 2) aggressive cuts in emissions (black line); 3) aggressive cuts in emissions combined with CO2 removal (green line); and 4) emissions cuts, CO2 removal, and climate intervention techniques that alter the amount of solar radiation trapped in Earth's atmosphere (blue line). Only scenario 4 keeps global temperatures within the limit outlined in the Paris Agreement of 1.5°C, which will avoid the worst ecological and human impacts of global warming. | Disclaimer: AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert system. |
|
|
|
|
|
| | | Coastal areas support the world's most heavily developed regions1 and house approximately 40% of the global population2. Yet, coastal areas face daunting challenges in the wake of extreme weather and rising sea-level, particularly erosion1,3,4.Conventional methods to mitigate coastal erosion include seawalls4,5 and beach replenishment6,7. However, these approaches are effective only within timeframes of a few years, representing costly and temporary solutions that require recursive retrofit8. In contrast, natural systems, such as coral reefs7,9 and ecological barriers7,10,11, not only enhance coastal resilience, but also provide more structural support and can even contribute to beach accretion8.Inspired by the way marine organisms utilize metabolic energy to grow their skeletons and shells through mineral precipitations in seawater, capable of resisting even the most extreme perturbations, this work explores an emerging and potentially disruptive approach to mitigate the erosion of marine soils. This approach consists of using electrical energy to precipitate comparable mineral precipitations to those that build the skeletons and shells of marine organisms in the pores of marine soils for cementation purposes and the ultimate enhancement of the erosion resistance of such materials.The possibility to precipitate solid mineral binders in seawater through the application of mild electrical stimulations derives from the large buffering capacity12,13 and wide availability of ions14,15 characterizing such an electrolyte, and the process of electrodeposition16: the electrically mediated precipitation of minerals dissolved in solutions. Specifically, when an electrical current is applied to seawater, a variety of reduction and oxidation (redox) reactions occur, along with solid precipitations17. These reactions commence with the release of hydroxide ions (\(O{H}^{-}\)) around cathodic interfaces, leading to an increase in the local \({pH}\). Under these conditions, the generated hydroxide ions react with naturally dissolved divalent cations in seawater (\(M{g}^{2+}\) and \(C{a}^{2+}\)) and bicarbonate anions (\({HC}{O}_{3}^{-}\)), yielding the otherwise non-spontaneous precipitation of two ubiquitous minerals: magnesium hydroxide (\({Mg}{\left({OH}\right)}_{2}\)) and calcium carbonate (\({CaC}{O}_{3}\))18,19.Currently, the electrodeposition of minerals in seawater is largely exploited to protect marine structures against corrosion20,21,22, contribute to marine life16,23,24, and heal cracks in shoreside infrastructure25,26. Recent experimental evidence shows that electrodeposition can also cement marine substrates in contact with metallic structures27 and the minerals formed in this manner appear to be durable28. However, the understanding of the influence of electrodeposition on the structure and properties of marine soils remains limited. In this context, a knowledge gap exists due to the apparent absence of studies examining the influence of the magnitude of the applied voltage on mineral selectivity, composition, spatial distribution, intrusion mechanisms, and effects on soil properties, despite voltage being the driver of electrodeposition. Although a mechanistic understanding of the reactions and products of electrodeposition has been achieved for seawater17, this knowledge is unavailable for soils, where the electrical and kinetic phenomena ruling electrodeposition are inherently more complex due to the influence of geometric, physical, and chemical constraints exerted by the pore network of such materials. Therefore, the implications of variable reaction regimes and mineral formations that can be achieved with different electrochemical potentials on the structure and properties of marine soils remain uncharted.The fundamental hypothesis of this work is that the electrodeposition in marine soils depends principally on the features of the (1) electrical treatment, (2) soil fabric, and (3) electrolyte solution. To test this overarching hypothesis, we carried out two distinct types of experiments in custom-designed electrochemical cells on silica sand under highly controlled conditions (see Methods). The first involved short-term batch experiments with no water recirculation to uncover the selectivity of electrodeposits in soils. The second comprised long-term experiments with periodic water recirculation to unveil the intrusion mechanisms and effects of electrodeposits in soils under conditions comparable to open seawater environments. Altogether, these experiments explored the influence of the following central variables for the features of applied electrical treatments, treated porous materials, and electrolyte solutions: (1) magnitude and duration of the applied voltage, (2) soil relative density, and (3) electrolyte ionic concentration, respectively. Multiple physical, chemical, and mechanical characterization methods were used to investigate the morphology, structure, composition, spatial distribution, and effects of electrodeposited minerals in sand.The results of this work uncover key mechanisms and effects of the artificial precipitation of minerals in marine soils, advancing geochemical knowledge and supporting engineering and technology in the development of more effective mitigation strategies for coastal erosion. |
|
|
|
|
|
| | | Enterobactin (also known as enterochelin) is a high affinity siderophore that acquires iron for microbial systems. It is primarily found in Gram-negative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium.[1] |
|
|